ABSTRACT
Podcasts are increasingly being used for medical education, both within teaching institutions and on an international scale by major journals. To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the development of educational podcasts. To review the state of the literature, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and ERIC were searched in May 2016 for articles describing audio format podcasts used in medical education. Eighty-four articles met inclusion criteria. A qualitative synthesis of the evidence was done using Kirkpatrick’s model for evaluating outcomes. Twenty-four articles described reaction outcomes, eleven described learning outcomes, and one described behavioral outcomes. None measured patient impact. The literature demonstrates that podcasts are both feasible and accepted by learners. The mean length of reported podcasts was 18 minutes, which falls within the recommended range in at least one paper, and is consistent with reported listener preference. Interview format, clear disclosures, and accurate information were reported as desirable. There is limited evidence showing the efficacy of podcasts as teaching tools, or regarding best practices in making podcasts. More rigorous studies evaluating efficacy, changes in behavior, and changes in patient outcomes need to be performed in order to prove podcasts’ value and to justify production costs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Accidental Falls , Education, Medical , Education, Medical, Continuing , Education, Medical, Graduate , Learning , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Webcasts as TopicABSTRACT
Nitrofurans are antibacterials banned in livestock by different countries due to its relationship with the production of carcinogenic metabolites. Several studies have been conducted to find the best methodology to identify these residues. Te objectives of this review work were to show the risk of nitrofuran metabolites (furazolidone; nitrofurazone; nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and nifursol); to explain the application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the presence of these residues in foods of animal origin; and, finally, to report some methodologies that were recently used in different foods of animal origin.(AU)
Nitrofuranos são antibacterianos proibidos na criação de animais por diferentes países devido a sua relação com a produção de metabolitos carcinogênicos. Vários trabalhos de pesquisa têm sido desenvolvidos para encontrar a melhor metodologia que possa identificar esses resíduos. O presente trabalho de revisão teve como objetivos mostrar o risco dos metabolitos dos nitrofuranos (furazolidona, nitrofurazona, nitrofurantoina, furaltadona e nifursol); explicar a aplicação da cromatografia líquida e da espectrometria de massas para determinar a presença desses resíduos em alimentos de origem animal; e, finalmente, relatar algumas metodologias usadas recentemente em alimentos de origem animal.(AU)